纳米二硫化钼的掺杂及催化电解水产氢的研究进展

电催化水分解制氢是可以形成闭环的生产过程, 起始原料与副产物均为水、 过程清洁无污染, 是极具希望的产氢策略. 目前制约其发展的瓶颈之一是价格昂贵的Pt基贵金属催化剂. 为推动电催化分解水制氢的普及, 亟待开发低成本非贵金属催化剂. 在众多备选非贵金属催化材料中, 纳米层状结构二硫化钼(MoS₂)因催化效果可期、 价格低而获得了广泛关注. 然而, 通常条件下易于获得的层状结构2H相MoS₂大面积的基面部分显示惰性, 仅在片层边缘处存在少量活性位点, 且导电性较差, 因而尚不能替代Pt基催化剂, 而如何增加其活性位点数量和提高其导电性成为亟待解决的问题; 另一方面, 1T相MoS₂虽然活性高、 导电性好, 但却存在制备困难及稳定性差的问题. 鉴于此, 研究者通过对纳米MoS₂进行掺杂改性实现了其活性与稳定性的有效提升. 本文对非贵金属纳米MoS₂催化剂掺杂改性的方法、 机理及其电催化水解制氢性能的相关研究进行了总结与讨论. 作为典型的非贵金属电解水析氢催化剂, MoS₂具有巨大发展潜力, 本文能够对相关非贵金属催化剂的研发提供有益的参考.     

二维过渡金属硫族化合物在超级电容器中的研究进展

近年来, 过渡金属硫族化合物(TMDs)作为一种新兴的二维材料, 因其独特的层状结构及电学特性成为超级电容器电极材料的理想候选者之一. 本文介绍了二维TMDs的常用合成方法, 阐述了钼基、 钨基和钒基等TMDs在超级电容器中的研究进展, 分析了形貌、 尺寸和改性方法等因素对TMDs材料电化学性能的影响, 并对TMDs在超级电容器领域的工业化应用和挑战进行了总结与展望.     

二维材料用于渗透能转换的研究进展

在河水与海水的交界处实现渗透能提取与捕获是解决未来能源危机的重要方式之一. 渗透能因为储量大, 容易获取以及绿色可持续的优势受到广泛关注. 反向电渗析技术是一种能够有效捕获渗透能的方法之一, 目前已经得到了深入的研究与发展. 离子交换膜是反向电渗析技术转换渗透能的关键组件, 其性能的优异程度决定能量转换效率的高低. 常见的膜材料主要是高分子聚合物及其改性化合物, 最近一些二维材料如石墨烯、 氧化石墨烯、 二硫化钼、 各种框架材料及其改性复合物因优异的选择性离子传输、 纳米级通道、 丰富的表面功能基团以及可修饰性成为捕获渗透能的重要膜材料. 本文综合评述了二维材料作为离子传输通道的类型以及相应的传输机理; 例举了二维材料及其复合物的设计方案和在渗透能转换方面的具体应用; 最后提出了目前二维材料在渗透能转换领域中面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向.     

超浸润形状记忆海绵的制备及油-水分离性能

基于反式 1,4-聚异戊二烯(TPI)的形状记忆性能, 以聚氨酯海绵为基底, 包覆TPI制备出了一种具有疏水超亲油特性的三维多孔形状记忆海绵. 由于这种海绵具有良好的形状记忆特性, 可以通过反复按压/恢复过程, 实现对海绵孔径在微米尺寸(约875 μm)与纳米尺寸(约450 nm)间可逆调控. 利用材料特殊的浸润特征及其可控的孔尺寸, 进一步研究了其在油-水分离中的应用. 研究结果表明, 微米尺寸大孔径海绵有利于对不相溶油-水混合物进行快速高效分离, 而纳米尺寸小孔径海绵则有利于对乳液混合物进行分离, 实现了同一材料同时满足不相溶油-水混合物及乳液体系的分离要求.     

BC/CoNi2S4@PPy柔性复合电极材料的制备及电化学性能

本文采用溶剂热、原位聚合和真空抽滤相结合的方法制备了用于超级电容器的细菌纤维素/镍钴硫化物/聚吡咯(BC/CoNi₂S₄@PPy)柔性电极材料,通过X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜、红外光谱、氮气吸脱附、拉伸强度和接触角表征了材料的形貌结构、组成、机械性能和亲水性,并采用循环伏安法和恒电流充放电测试了复合材料的电化学性能。结果表明,表面含氧官能团丰富的BC纤维网络结构对氧化还原活性物质CoNi₂S₄的生长和导电聚合物PPy的分布具有引导作用,CoNi₂S₄均匀分布在BC网络中,且PPy均匀包覆在BC纤维和CoNi₂S₄纳米球表面构成具有丰富孔隙结构的三维导电网络,使得该复合材料具有较好的机械性(抗拉强度达28.0±0.1 MPa)、亲水性(对6 mol·L^-1 KOH的瞬间接触角为43.6°)及良好的导电性。该电极材料在1 A·g^-1下比电容高达2670 F·g^-1,充放电循环10000次后比电容的保持率为82.73%,且经1000次反复弯曲后电化学性能保持不变。此外,将其与活性炭组成的非对称超级电容器,在1 A·g^-1下比电容为1428 F·g^-1,最高能量密度和功率密度分别达49.8 Wh·kg^-1和741.8 W·kg^-1。     

Design and Construction of 3D Porous Na3V2(PO4)3/C as High Performance Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries

An easy and delicate approach using cheap carbon source as conductive materials to construct 3D sequential porous structural Na3V2(PO4)3/C(NVP/C)with high performance for cathode materials of sodium ion battery is highly desired.In this paper,the NVP/C with 3D sequential porous structure is constructed by a delicate approach named as“cooking porridge”including evaporation and calcination stages.Especially,during evaporation,the viscosity of NVP/C precursor is optimized by controlling the adding quantity of citric acid,thus leading to a 3D sequential porous structure with a high specific surface area.Furthermore,the NVP/C with a 3D sequential porous structure enables the electrolyte to interior easily,providing more active sites for redox reaction and shortening the diffusion path of electron and sodium ion.Therefore,benefited from its unique structure,as cathode material of sodium ion batteries,the 3D sequential porous structural NVP/C exhibits high specific capacities(115.7,88.9 and 74.4 mA·h/g at current rates of 1,20 and 50 C,respectively)and excellent cycling stability(107.5 and 80.4 mA·h/g are remained at a current density of 1 C after 500 cycles and at a current density of 20 C after 2200 cycles,respectively).     

Multilayer Porous Vanadium Nitride Microsheets Anodes for Highly Stable Na-ion Batteries

Sodiumion batteries(SIBs)have attracted intensive attention as promising alternative to lithium-ionbatteries(LIBs)for large scale energy storage systems because of low cost of sodium,similar energy storage mechanism and the reasonable performance.However,it is still a great challenge to search and design a robust structure of anode materials with excellent cycling stability and high rate capability for SIBs.Herein,multilayer porous vanadium nitride(VN)microsheets are synthesized through a facile and scalable hydrothermal synthesis-nitrogenization strategy as an effective anode material for SIBs.The multilayer porous VN microsheets not only offer more active sites for fast Na+insertion/extraction process and short diffusion pathway,but also effectively buffer the volume change of anode due to more space in the multilayer porous structure.The large proportions of capacitive behavior imply that the Na+charge storage depends on the intercalation pseudocapacitive mechanism.The multilayer porous VN microsheets electrodes manifest excellent cycling stability and rate capability,delivering a discharge capacity of 156.1 mA·h/g at 200 mA/g after 100 cycles,and a discharge capacity of 111.9 mA·h/g at 1.0 A/g even after 2300 cycles with the Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%.     

La2-xBixCuO4阴极材料的合成与电化学性质

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法合成了固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La_2-xBi_xCuO₄（x=0、0.05、0.10）,并利用X射线衍射（XRD）对材料的物相进行分析。结果表明,La_2-xBi_xCuO₄形成单一的类钙钛矿结构氧化物,且晶胞体积随着铋掺杂量的增加而增大。在950℃烧结24 h过程中,La_2-xBi_xCuO₄不与电解质Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9（SDC）发生反应,表明这种电解质材料具有良好的高温化学相容性。电导率测试结果表明Bi的掺入显著提高了材料电导率。程序升温脱附测试结果表明,铋的掺杂显著增强了材料的表面氧吸附能力。不同氧分压下的交流阻抗谱测试结果表明,La_1.9Bi_0.1CuO₄阴极在700℃空气中的极化电阻为0.26 Ω·cm²,以电解质SDC支撑的单电池NiO-SDC/SDC/La_1.90Bi_0.10O₄在700℃的最大输出功率密度为308 mW·cm^-2,电极反应的速控步骤为氧分子的扩散与表面吸附过程。     

水洗和回烧工艺对高镍三元材料LiNi0.88Co0.07Al0.05O2微观结构及电化学性能的影响

以镍钴氢氧化物、异丙醇铝为原料,采用水解法合成三元前驱体Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.07)Al_(0.05)O_2,再与锂盐混合烧结得到正极材料(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、能量色散X射线谱(EDS)和恒电流充放电测试等对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌、元素价态以及电化学性能进行表征。研究表明,料液比1∶25、水洗3次、600℃回烧2 h合成的LiNi_(0.88)Co_(0.07)Al_(0.05)O_2具有较优的综合电化学性能,其在0.2C的放电比容量达207.6 mAh·g~(-1),首次充放电效率为84.8%,1C放电比容量为192.0 mAh·g~(-1),循环100周后,材料的放电比容量仍有148.0 mAh·g~(-1),容量保持率达到77.1%。     

Adaptation of electrodes and printable gel polymer electrolytes for optimized fully organic batteries

Despite intensive scientific efforts on the development of organic batteries, their full potential is still not being realized. The individual components, such as electrode materials and electrolytes, are in most cases developed independently and are not adjusted to each other. In this context, we report on the performance optimization of a full-organic solid-state battery system by the mutual adaptation of the electrode materials and an ionic liquid (IL)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). The formulation of the latter was designed for a one-step manufacturing approach and can be applied directly to the electrode surface, where it is UV-cured to yield the GPE without further post-treatment steps. Herein, a special focus was placed on the applicability in industrial processes. A first significant capacity increase was achieved by the incorporation of the IL into the electrode composite. Furthermore, the GPE composition was adapted applying acrylate- and methacrylate-based monomers and combinations thereof with the premise of a fast curing step. Furthermore, the amount of IL was varied, and all combinations were evaluated for their final performance in cells. The latter variation revealed that a high ionic conductivity is not the only determining factor for a good cell performance. Next to a sufficient conductivity, the interaction between electrode and electrolyte plays a key role for the cell performance as it enhances the accessibility of the counter ions to the redox-active sites.